This is the "international phonetic alphabet" as used in military radio communications and aviation in order to spell out words. (It is not, of course, a "phonetic alphabet" in the sense that a linguist would use.)
Older version (to WW II)
Current version by International
Civil Aviation Organisation (1955)
ABLE
BAKER
CHARLIE
DOG
EASY
FOX
GEORGE
HOW
ITEM
JIG
KING
LOVE
MIKE
NAN
OBOE
PETER
QUEEN
ROGER
SUGAR
TAPE
UNCLE
VICTOR
WILLIAM
X-RAY
YOLK
ZEBRA
ALPHA
BRAVO
CHARLIE
DELTA
ECHO
FOXTROT
GULF
HOTEL
INDIA
JUNO
KILO
LIMA
MIKE
NOVEMBER
OSCAR
PAPA
QUEBEC
ROMEO
SIERRA
TANGO
UNIFORM
VICTOR
WHISKEY
X-RAY
YANKEE
ZULU
There have been many other similar alphabets (see Brian Kelk's pages), and they exist for many languages, not just English. Most people, however, invent their own on the fly, often using proper names, J as in JIM, E as in EDWARD, etc.
Readers of Arthur Ransome's children's books will remember Uncle Jim's angry conversation with the telephone operator when he tries to alert the firefighters to a fell fire in Pigeon Post, "Fellside seven-five... No, not NINE, FIVE... F for FOOL, I for IDIOT, ..."
Another variant is my SILENT ALPHABET.