HOMOGRAPHS

A list by John Higgins
of English words which have two pronunciations but one spelling

Contents

• Definitions
• Double-stress words
• Stress homographs
• Words ending in -ate
• Words ending in -ment
• Voicing distinctions
• Words with re- prefixes
• -ed adjectives and French loan words
• "True" homographs
• A tonemic homograph
• Homographs from abbreviations
• Homographic place names
• Homographs in cryptic crossword clues
• Phonetic transcription key

Alphabetical list of all homographs

Notice in a supermarket. /pəʊlɪʃ/ or /pɒlɪʃ/?	Camera feed at the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. /lɪv/ or /laɪv/?

Possibly the first person to publish a list of minimal pairs, homophones and homographs. He has about 140 items in his homograph list, including several that are no longer distinct such as champaign, char and rarity.

Definitions

Homographs are those words which have one spelling but two pronunciations and two distinct meanings or usages. A classic case would be a word like wound, which as a noun or present tense verb means injury or injure and with a different pronunciation is the past tense of the verb wind, itself a homograph. The term is contrasted with homophones, words with two spellings and two meanings but only one pronunciation such as fair/fare, and with homonyms, words with one spelling, one pronunciation, but two unrelated meanings, such as bear or just or left. The fact that the meanings are unrelated is what distinguishes homonyms from polysemes, words with varied meanings or usages, such as course or table or paper, where all the meanings can be traced back to the same root. English has an enormous number of polysemes, but only a relatively small set of true homonyms.

Not everybody uses this set of definitions, though they would be accepted by the majority of trained linguistic scholars. In wider usage (reflected in many dictionaries) the term homograph includes what I have here called homonyms and polysemes, i.e. words of different meaning but the same spelling and pronunciation, such as right and fly. For those people the term for what I am calling homographs is heteronyms, a term not much used by professional linguists. (Heterophone would be a much more appropriate label since what is different is the sound, not the name.)

Do homographs matter?

Homographs are a minor problem for anyone learning English as a foreign language, but a much greater problem for anyone trying to design a foolproof text-to-speech algorithm for a computer. If one pronunciation is far commoner than the other (as with the word second, for instance) the programmer will probably ignore the exceptional case. Where both pronunciations occur frequently, as with object or read or row, the programmer must try to find contextual markers on which to base a rule.

The word read is a particulaerly interesting case. Foreign learners may sometimes use /ri:d/ instead of /red/ and text-to-speech programs still have problems. Some research I carried out eight years ago (Higgins 2017) showed that almost all of them failed, mainly over-using the /ri:d/ pronunciation except after "have/had". Modern software with the aid of LLM-driven AI do rather better. However if you try out these two sentences:
"Thai is one of many languages read from left to right"
or
"I keep this shelf for previously read books"
you may catch the algorithm out. A native speaker reading text aloud may very occasionally make a mistake with such sentences, but never when speaking spontaneously. That is interesting as confirmation that our mental lexicon is stored as sounds, not spelling, as we would expect.

Making the list

The source of this list was the Roger Mitton machine-readable version of the 1974 Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, incorporating Mitton's 1991 additions. The dictionary contained 537 words which had more than one pronunciation listed. Some of these were simply words with varying pronunciations and no shift of meaning, such as breeches, dowsing, garage and piano or varying stress patterns such as bow-wow, bye-bye, and fricassee, and these were discarded. There were also four strong-form/weak-form pairs, a, an, to and 'cos (it is not clear why these were the only such pairs to emerge), three cases of abbreviations matching ordinary words, am (before noon), in (inch), and no (number), and one case of a loan word overlapping with an established English word, real (probably referring to the old Spanish coin rather than the football team).

The remaining 488 words plus about 140 more which were either not in the dictionary or not given two pronunciations in the dictionary have been classified into relevant groupings and are listed below. The spellings and phonetic transcriptions are mainly as they appear in the dictionary, though I have used Gimsonian IPA symbols rather than the Alvey transcription that Mitton had to use so that he could store his dictionary as a text file. There is also a complete alphabetical checklist of homographs which you can consult if looking for a particular word.

Double stress

A number of double-stress words showed up. These are words whose pronunciation varies with their position in the phrase, front-stressed before a noun and end-stressed when final in the phrase, though without substantial change of meaning. (Compare "an overnight bag" with "Are you staying overnight?")

There are a number of other English words which behave in the same way, such as afternoon, bamboo, downhill, downstairs, inside, overseas, princess, routine, sardine, underground, upstairs, together with many compound adjectives (easy-going, home-made), all nationality adjectives ending in -ese, numbers from 13 to 99 (apart from multiples of 10), and many place names such as Bombay, Hong Kong, New York, and Torquay. In these other cases the dictionary did not record both stress patterns. Probably only the word overall (with its secondary meaning of an item of clothing) should be counted as a homograph, since in the other cases the change of pronunciation signals only a syntactic feature rather than a shift of meaning.

Stress homographs

The next distinct group, which was by far the largest, was the set of nouns (or adjectives) with front-stress against verbs with end-stress with 295 words altogether. One suspects that in a good many cases the distinction is unnecessary for intelligibility; the set of -port words (export, import, transport) for instance are often heard with front stress even when being used as verbs, and I have heard on air the word increase stressed both ways as noun and both ways as verb. Similarly combat is always front-stressed as a noun, but may have either stress pattern when used as a verb. All these words are more likely to have stress on the second syllable when an inflection adds a third syllable, thus trans'porting, in'creasing or com'bating. In thirty-five cases (listed in the table below) there is a large difference in meaning and use between the two spoken forms while in other cases the difference is more syntactic than lexical.

In most cases any adjective senses ally themselves with the noun and exhibit front stress, but in one case, content, the adjective sense is end-stressed and relates more closely to the verb than to the noun. The adjective compact seems to occur both front-stressed and end-stressed with no change of meaning, although the noun is always front-stressed and the verb always end-stressed. Similarly, the noun complex is always front-stressed, though the adjective seems to vary freely between front stress and end stress.

Several problems occur with the prefix re-, for instance in the word recall where usage is inconsistent and is probably changing, and with refresh which is coming into the language as a front-stressed noun meaning a second cup of coffee in a restaurant. There are four other cases of a large shift of meaning between the front-stressed noun and end-stressed verb, namely record, recount, refuse and relay, and a further seventeen cases are in the long list where there is no significant difference in meaning. Other cases of re- verbs not involving a change of stress are listed in a separate section below.

There are four cases needing further comment.

• The word entrance, while looking like a stress homograph, should perhaps be counted as a true homograph, since the noun sense derives from the verb enter while the verb sense derives from the noun trance.
• The word deserts exists as two different nouns, one front-stressed meaning 'dry places', and the other end-stressed meaning 'what one deserves' and occurring usually in the fixed phrase 'get one's just deserts'. This second use has a homophone in the word desserts meaning 'sweet courses', which gives rise to many spelling errors and headline puns.
• The word process exists as a noun with front-stress and as two different verbs, one with front-stress with a meaning linked to the noun process and one with end-stress with a meaning linked to the noun procession.
• Similarly the word second exists as two separate verbs, one with front stress meaning to support a proposal at a formal meeting, and one with end stress meaning to send somebody away on temporary duty. The second use is fairly unusual, being mainly confined to military and civil service contexts.

The meanings of the thirty-five special cases are as follows:

This is the full list of 295 words:

There were two interesting words which reversed the trend of this set, words where the front-stressed form was the (3rd person singular) verb and a form with stress later in the word was the (plural) noun:

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-ATE words

Another large group was the set of words ending with -ate where the noun/adjective sense uses a schwa while the verb sense uses a full /eɪ/ diphthong. There were 45 of these (or 74 counting the inflectional variants). All of them retain the same stress pattern whether noun/adjective or verb except for alternate and consummate which, like analyses and diagnoses and unlike the other stress homographs, puts the stress at the front for the verb and later for the noun/adjective. I have omitted discriminate, which is very common as a verb but extremely rare as an adjective, although the negative of the adjective, indiscriminate, is common. One that is a relatively recent development (first attested 1909) is the verb sense of curate, meaning to be in charge of an art exhibition, a back-formation from curator. The noun sense, assistant to a minister of religion, is much older.

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-MENT words

A similar but smaller group was the set of words ending with -ment where the noun sense uses a schwa while the verb sense uses a full vowel. The dictionary listed five of these (ten including the inflectional variants), though in present day usage this set is no longer consistently differentiated; most speakers nowadays will use a schwa for the verbs to implement or to supplement, and probably for the whole set.

Voicing

A fifth set was that in which the noun/verb or adjective/verb distinction was made by voicing a final consonant. There were eighteen of these. One of them, the word close, exists as a verb with /z/, as an adjective with /s/, and as two different nouns, with /z/ meaning 'conclusion' and with /s/ meaning 'street with no exit'. In the form closer it may be a comparative adjective with /s/ or an agent noun with /z/. It is also worth noting the way used occurs with /s/ in the colligation 'used to' to make a past tense while the pronunciation with /z/ has the meaning 'employed'. In the nineteenth century a distinction was made between 'a mouse' with final /s/ and 'to mouse' (catch mice) with final /z/, but that is not heard nowadays.

Words beginning re-

Apart from the words beginning with re- which occur as front-stressed nouns or end-stressed verbs such as rebel, record, refill and reprint, listed under stress homographs above, there are a number of others which are not distinguished by main stress but by the presence of secondary stress on the prefix and a consequent change of pronunciation from /rɪ/ to /ri/. The first pronunciation tends to be associated with the meaning 'back' and the second with 'again'. The prefix re- with the second pronunciation often has the potential to enter homographs as one returns to earlier meanings of the base form. Thus we talk of reform /rɪ'fɔm/ in the church or the legal system, but a sculptor might reform /,ri'fɔm/ a clay model; you can make a remark /rɪ'mɑk/ in speech, while a teacher may remark /,ri'mɑk/ a contested exam paper. You may resent /rɪ'zent/ unfair criticism, while a garbled message may be resent /,ri'sent/. This distinction is sometimes signalled by including a hyphen in the spelling for the second meanings, re-form, re-mark and re-sent. Notice that the main stress does not move, and that where the base begins with <s> the pronuciation shifts between /z/ and /s/ as in resent, reserve, resign and resort. More of these forms may be added to the language, though those listed below are the only ones I know of so far that are well attested. There are two other special cases, the verb represent and the noun recreation in which the stress is on the prefix and the distinction is between the pronunciations /re/ and /ri/.

Two more small groups could also be identified and separated. The first was the nine -ed adjectives with matching verb past tenses:

Not in the dictionary with both pronunciations but behaving similarly is the word beloved, which has three syllables as a noun or attributive adjective, but only two as a passive participle. ("I loved and was beloved again": Byron.) The adjective supposed has a rare archaic three-syllable pronunciation which is preserved in the derived adverb supposedly. Winged was listed only as a one-syllable verb, but is also heard often as a two-syllable adjective in the phrase "Winged Victory". This dictionary listed wicked only as a two-syllable adjective, but the full OED also lists a one-syllable pronunciation, meaning "having a wick". Similarly this dictionary has rugged only as a two-syllable adjective, but the full OED has rug as a verb, which you might use in "We don't need another rug; the room is well rugged already."

The other group was the set of French loan words whose Anglicised plural is not represented in the spelling. Only five were recorded in the lists, but there are also many proper names, especially those associated with products, books or works of art, that behave in the same way, such as Beaujolais, Chablis, Charollais, Rabelais, Beaumarchais or Millais. There are also phrases such as faux pas and pince-nez which can be given a /z/ plural. A special case would be Grand Prix. Several such races might be given a /z/ plural, but a careful editor would write Grands Prix for the plural, making this not a homograph.

"True" homographs

That left the following set of 119 homographs (179 if all the inflectional variants are counted) arising from a variety of causes. This section of the list includes those words like moped and wound which are most typical of what we have in mind when we think of homographs. These include a number which were not in the original dictionary list.

I have included several which contrast an ordinary word with a place or personal name: the words nice, angers, lens and tours all contrasting with French cities, liege with a Belgian city, trier with a German city, hue with a Vietnamese city, reading with an English or American town, abridge with an English village, scone with a Scottish village and palace, wear with an English river, tangier with a Moroccan port, mobile with a city in Alabama, natal with a South African province, rainier with a prince of Monaco, munch with a Norwegian artist, pears with an English singer, dieter with a German first-name, ravel with a French composer, mime with a character in Wagner's Ring cycle, and job with an Old-Testament prophet. Like august/August and polish/Polish they are distinguished by capitalisation and would only be homographs in sentence-initial position or in all-upper-case writing. The word romance as a verb meaning to pay court to would most likely have the schwa in the first syllable, while romance meaning a piece of fiction could have either schwa or a full diphthong, and Romance as a description of languages derived from Latin would almost certainly have the full diphthong. The surname Brazil is usually front-stressed (as in Angela Brazil the author) while the name of the country is end-stressed. The girl's name Nancy is another homograph in contrast with a French city. Sue as an abbreviation for Susan is never palatalised, while the verb sue often is in British English.

The word dove is a homograph for speakers of Amercian English but not for the British for whom the past tense of dive is dived. The verb sundry (dry in the sun) is not well attested, though the participle sundried is common on food labels, sometimes with a hyphen, sun-dried. The adjective pasty (pale) is always so spelled, but the noun (a meat pie) has an alternative spelling of pastie, common in Ireland. I am also unsure how well the verb predate is attested in the meaning "devour prey", though it is common in its other meaning of "come before". In six cases of recent loan words, expose, charge, pate, rose, resume and attaches, the homograph is disambiguated by retaining the French accents in the English spelling.

The contrast between the two-syllable and three-syllable pronunciations of evening may not be consistently made by all RP speakers, though all would recognise it, I believe.

There are several cases involving Latin or Greek terms or names: ate versus the Goddess Ate, dives versus Dives (rich man), agape, manes and pace. Two cases, axes and bases, contrast a Latin plural with an English plural.

Many of these words are particularly popular with crossword setters since they allow for the creation of misleading cryptic clues. (See below for examples.)

Quite: a tonemic homograph

One other word worth drawing attention to is quite. This has two distinct meanings, completely as in "You're quite right" and to some extent as in "He's quite clever". Although both senses are pronounced the same at the segmental level, i.e. the same sequence of vowels and consonants, they are consistently differentiated by intonation, the first sense occurring in phrases with a falling tone and the second in phrases with a fall-rise. This makes it apparently the only example of a toneme distinction in English, i.e. a case where a distinction in the meaning of a word is indicated by a tone difference. I would argue that this meets the definition of a homograph, namely two meanings, two pronunciations, but only one spelling.

Abbreviations

Place names

Another special case is place names. In England there are three towns called Gillingham. The one in Kent is pronounced /'ʤɪlɪŋəm/ while the ones in Dorset and Norfolk are pronounced /'gɪlɪŋəm/. Unfortunately only people who live locally to one of these towns (as I once did) would be likely to know this and maintain the distinction consistently. There are four communities called Plaistow, pronounced /'pleɪstəʊ/ in Derby, /'plɑstəʊ/ in Kent or Essex, and /'plæstəʊ/ in Sussex. Alford is pronounced /'ɑfəd if you are referring to the Scottish one or /'ɔlfəd if you mean the English one. Lagos in Nigeria is pronounced /'leɪgɒs/ while Lagos in Portugal is usually /'lɑgɒs/. A similar case is Berkeley in California, pronounced /'bɜklɪ/ (by RP speakers) or /'brklɪ/, contrasted with Berkeley in the west of England, pronounced /'bɑklɪ/. There is also the case of the Kentucky Derby, pronounced /'dɜrbɪ/, and the British horse race, the Derby at Epsom, pronounced /'dɑbɪ/. I suspect that one could find more cases of pairs of places in different countries with the same spelling and different pronunciations.

Example of cryptic crossword clues which draw on homographs, all taken from The Times:

Number of elks, perhaps, surrounding a wild animal's lair. (8)
Answer: DEADENER (something which numbs, DEER—elks perhaps— round A DEN—wild animal's lair).
(26 April 2006).

Stagger, describing Birmingham area. (8)
Answer: ASTONISH (Aston-ish, Aston being a part of Birmingham.)
(8 June 2006).

One very reliable tugboat (5, 2, 8)
Answer: TOWER OF STRENGTH
(19 June 2006).

Difference in sequence (3)
Answer: ROW
(21 June 2006).

Energy to get closer (3)
Answer: ZIP (something which closes, as well as energy)
(2 July 2005).

Nice fellow councillor blocking attempt to obtain novel (10, 5)
Answer: FRENCHMAN'S CREEK (title of a novel by Daphne du Maurier, a Nice fellow is a FRENCHMAN, CR abbreviation for Councillor in the word SEEK,attempt).
(27 July 2006).

Polish brigade involve one in runners on board. (10)
Answer: CHAIRWOMEN (Women who run boards, CHARWOMEN are the brigade of polishers, surrounding 1).
(25 January 2007).

Less sensitive issue of magazine. (10)
Answer: NUMBER
(22 October 2008).

Object to having ice-cream not guacamole for starters. (5)
Answer: THING (Object, first letters of the next five words.)
(31 July 2009)

Champ who put one screaming on the canvas? (5)
Answer: MUNCH (Chew, Norwegian artist who painted The Scream.)
(13 March 2010)

Shot or shut (5-2)
Answer: CLOSE-UP
(22 January 2011)

References and acknowledgements:

Higgins, J (1984). "It or ate; a note on the pronunciation of words ending in -ate.", ELT Journal 38, 1, p. 50-51.

Higgins, J (2017). "English homographs and text-to-speech algorithms.", English Phonetics Volume 21.

My thanks to Clay Stabler for suggesting affect, arithmetic, batman, bowman, construct, coop, curate, hue, legitimate, mime, pace, preposition, and rainier, to Eduardo Parra for agape, Peter Reitan for bustier and brat, to Andrew Leventis for supposed, and to Daniel Asimov and Charles Jeffery for the extremely specialised homographs of periodic and unionised.

Key to phonetic transcription:

Alphabetical list of 648 English homographs

 
abridge/Abridge
absent
abstract
abstracts             
abuse                   
abuses 
accent   
accents  
addict                 
addicts                
advert                  
adverts                
advocate                      
advocates                    
affect
affects
affix                     
affixes                 
afternoon              
agape
agglomerate                 
aggregate                     
aggregates                   
allies                    
alloy                      
alloys                    
ally                       
alternate  
am                    
analyses 
angers/Angers
animate                        
annex                     
annexes                 
appropriate                
approximate 
arithmetic               
articulate                  
aspirate                      
aspirates                    
associate                    
associates  	
ate/Ate
attaches                
attribute              
attributes             
august/August 
axes 
aye  

baas 
bamboo 
bases 
bass 
batman/Batman
baths 
beloved 
blessed    
bourgeois
bow 
bowed 
bower 
bowers 
bowing 
bowman
bowmen
bows 
brat
brats
buffet 
buffets  

cave
certificate                 
certificates   
chamois
charge/chargæ
charges/chargæs            
cleanly 
close   
closer                 
closes 
coax 
collect                  
collects  
combat
combats              
combine                              
combines                            
commune                               
communes                             
compact                              
compacts                            
compliment                 
compliments               
compound                            
compounds                          
compress                             
compresses                         
concert                               
concerts                             
conduct                              
confederate                
confederates              
confines                            
conflict                            
conflicts                          
conglomerate              
conglomerates            
conscript                          
conscripts                        
console                              
consoles                            
consort                               
consorts   
construct
constructs                          
consummate                    
content                              
contents                            
contest                              
contests                            
contract                            
contracts                          
contrast                            
contrasts                          
converse                              
convert                               
converts                             
convict                              
convicts 
coop                           
coordinate                 
coordinates               
corps  
counterbalance                 
counterbalances              
crabbed                  
crooked  
curate
curates                 
cursed  

decoy                            
decoys                                
decrease                              
decreases                           
defect                                
defects                              
defile                                
defiles                              
degenerate                 
degenerates               
delegate                      
delegates                    
deliberate                  
denier
descant                              
descants                            
desert                                 
deserts                               
desolate                      
diagnoses
dictate                               
dictates   
dieter/Dieter                          
diffuse
digest                                
digests                              
discard                                
discards                              
discharge                            
discharges                         
discount                             
discounts                           
discourse                              
discourses   
dives/Dives                        
document                
documents              
does
dogged  
dove (US)                  
downhill
downstairs
drawer
drawers
duplicate                   
duplicates                 
	 
ejaculate
ejaculates
elaborate                    
entrance                              
entrances    
envelope
envelopes                       
escort                                  
escorts                                
essay                                    
essays                                  
estimate                      
estimates     
evening               
excess                                  
excise                                 
excuse                
excuses             
expatriate                 
expatriates               
exploit                              
exploits                            
export                                 
exports   
expose
exposes                            
extract                              
extracts                            

ferment                                
ferments                              
filtrate                             
filtrates                           
finish
flower
flowers
forbear
forbears
forearm
forearms
fragment                             
fragments                           
frequent                             
furrier

gallant
gill
gills
glower
glowers
graduate                     
graduates                   
grave
graves

house 
housewife  
hue/Hue

impact                                 
impacts                               
implant                
implants               
implement                
implements              
import                                  
imports                                
impress                                
impresses                            
imprint                               
imprints                             
inincarnate                         
incense                                
incline                               
inclines                             
incorporate                     
increase                               
increases                            
indent                                 
indents                               
inebriate                  
inebriates                
initiate                    
initiates                  
inland
inlay                                  
inlays                                
insert                                  
inserts                                
inset                                  
insets                                
inside
instinct                            
insult                                 
insults
inter                               
interchange                      
interchanges                   
interdict                           
interdicts                         
intern                                   
interns                                 
intimate                    
intimates                  
introvert                            
introverts                          
invalid
inverse                                  
invite                                  
invites                                

jagged                
job/Job

layer
layers
lead
leading
leads    
learned 	
legitimate	 
lens/Lens
lied   
liege/Liege
lip-read
live
lives
lower                 
lowered                 
lowering               
lowers                   

mandate                 
manes	
mime/Mime
minute
misconduct                         
misprint                             
misprints                           
misread
misuse                  
misuses  
mobile/Mobile
moderate                    
moderates                  
moped
mouth                      
mouths  
mow                        
mowed                     
mowing                  
mows   
multiply  	
munch/Munch	

Nancy
natal/Natal 
nice/Nice
no                   
number

object                                 
objects                               
ornament                  
ornaments                
outside
overall
overbid                               
overbids                             
overcharge                          
overcharges                       
overflow                             
overflows                           
overhang                              
overhangs                            
overhaul                              
overhauls                            
overhead
overlap                               
overlaps                             
overlay                               
overlays                             
overnight
overprint                           
overprints                         
overseas
overstrain                         
overthrow                            
overthrows                          
overweight
overwork                              
	
pace
palled
palling
pasty
pate
path
patois 	
pears/Pears
peer
peers
pension
pensions
perfect                                 
perfume                                 
perfumes                               
permit                                   
permits                                 
pervert                                  
perverts                                
polish/Polish
poll
polls
pontificate              
pontificates              
prayer
prayers
precipitate                
predate
predates
predated
predicate                    
predicates                  
prefix                                
prefixes 
preposition  
prepositions                         
presage                               
presages                            
present                                
presents                              
princess
proceeds                               
process                                 
processed                              
processes                             
processing                            
produce                                
progress                               
progresses                           
project                               
projects                             
prolapse                              
prolapses                           
prospect                              
prospects                            
prostrate                            
protest                                
protests                              
purport                                  
pussy
put
puts
putting

quadruple                             
quadruples                           
quadruplicate            
quadruplicates      
quite    
 
ragged   	 
rainier/Rainier
rampage                               
rampages 
ravel/Ravel	 
raven
ravens
read                            
reading/Reading
real
rebel                                    
rebels                                  
rebound                               
rebounds    
recall
recalls                          
recap                                   
recapped                               
recapping                             
recaps                                 
record                                   
records                                 
re-count                             
re-counts  
recover
recovered
recovering
recovers    
recreation                     
refill                                  
refills                                
refit                                   
refits     
reform
reforms 
refresh                           
refund                                  
refunds                                
refuse  
reg                                
regenerate                 
rehash                                  
rehashes                              
reincarnate                
reject                                 
rejects                               
rejoin                                 
rejoined                              
rejoining                            
rejoins                               
relay                                   
relaying                               
relays                                 
relays                                  
remake                                 
remakes                               
remark
remarked
remarking
remarks
remount                               
remounts                             
rendezvous  
replay                                 
replays   
represent
represented
representing                            
represents
reprint                               
reprints                             
reproof
reproofs
reread	  
rerun
reruns
resent	  
reserve
reserved
reserves
reserving
resign
resigned
resigning
resigns	 	
resolve
resolves
resolved
resolving
resort
resorted
resorting
resorts
resume
retake                                 
retakes                               
rethink                                
rethinks                              
reticulate                 
retread                                
retreads                              
rewrite                                
rewrites 
romance/Romance                             
routed
routine
routing
row                        
rowed                     
rowing                  
rows      
rugged           

sake
sardine	  
scone/Scone
second                                  
seconded                              
seconding                             
seconds                                
segment                                
segments                              
separate                        
separates                      
sewer 
sewers 
shower 
showers  
sin
skier 
skiers 
slaver
slavers
slough 
sloughs 
sow 
sows 
staffs/Staffs 
subcontract                      
subcontracts                     
subject                               
subjects                             
subordinate                 
subordinates 
sue/Sue 
sundry
sundries            
supplement                 
supplements               
supply	  
supposed
surmise                                 
surmises                              
survey                                   
surveys                                
suspect                                
suspects                              
swinging
syndicate                    
syndicates 

tarry 
tear 
tears 	
thou
tier 
tiers 
tinged 
tinging 
torment                                 
torments   
tours/Tours                            
tower 
towers 
transfer                              
transfers                             
transplant                          
transplants                        
transport                             
transports                           
trier/Trier
triplicate                  
triplicates               
	
undercharge                         
undercharges                      
undercut                              
underestimate           
underestimates         
underground 
underlay                              
underline                            
underlines                          
undertaking                        
undertakings                      
unused 
upgrade                               
upgrades                             
uplift                                 
upset                                   
upsets                            
upstairs
use                      
used                    
uses 

valence 
valences  

wear/Wear
wicked 
wind 
winding 
winds 		  
winged
worsted 
wound

This page published by John Higgins and last updated 2 May, 2024.

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